Linux Tips And Tricks: os

Showing posts with label os. Show all posts

Tuesday, July 14, 2009

How To Create A Startup menu With Only One OS

Even if you have only one operating system, you can create a boot menu that will let
you choose to load your operating system with different parameters.

multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Trace Problems XP Home Edition"
/fastdetect /bootlog /sos

This entry creates a startup log and displays information about the drivers and other
operating system information as it loads.
For the version of the operating system that loads in Safe Mode but that still allows
networking, you could create this entry:

multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Safe Start XP Home Edition" /
fastdetect /safeboot:network

The boot.ini file would look like this, assuming that you want the menu to display for
30 seconds and you want normal XP startup to be the default:

[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Home
Edition" /fastdetect
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Trace Problems XP Home Edition"
/fastdetect /bootlog /sos
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Safe Start XP Home Edition" /
fastdetect /safeboot:network

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How To Create A Startup menu With Only One OS

Wednesday, February 4, 2009

Install Windows 7 With USB

Step 1

To begin with I had my 4GB USB 2.0 reformatted to FAT 32.
Step 2

The next step was to copy the contents of the Windows 7 Beta ISO image to the memory stick using

xcopy :\*.* :\ /e /f

(e:was my DVD drive and f: the removable drive )

The installation was not just easy but as quick that I could have clocked the time. It was much faster than those DVD installations on Desktops.

I must add, with Windows 7 it was a better netbook experience than previous operating systems.

Install Windows 7 With USB

Monday, December 22, 2008

Vista Transformation Pack "With Keys" "Free"

This is the most tired release I've ever been through. I wonder if user who
get this will appreciate how hard I really went through for this. It seems
Lee is being too messy right now so I won't hold back any longer. This
release has overall improvements for features compared to previous versions
and has a lot of user interface refinements for ease of use with end-user.
You will find this program is amazingly easier comparing to all other shell
packs. Let's see the changelog of this release.

*Changes in Version 7.0*

-Added default system font option for recovery
-Added Docking support for preview and taskbar replacement
-Added DPI auto-detection in Machine Configuration
-Added hiding menubar option for Vista (Styler) toolbar
-Added information about KB925902 hotfix issues and solution on startup
-Added memory requirements checking for 3rd-party applications
-Added resetting DPI options and some extra information in Machine
Configuration
-Added screen resolution auto-detection
-Added setting cleartype font automatically after the transformation
-Added Vista transformation "Express mode" (Make an appropriate setup
configuration in single page!)
-Added ViStart (Vista Start Menu port for Windows XP/2003 with glass UI and
search function)
-Added uninstalling existing components before updating
-Added WindowBlinds detection warning message (for user who is mistaken
about glass border skin)
-Added Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 uxtheme patching support
-Fixed backing up system files bug on repair mode
-Fixed checking for Styler incompatibility with x64 edition OS
-Fixed fileversion checking bug that cause backup
systemfiles
being overwritten by modified system files when update
-Fixed operating system checking bug (that allow user to install in Windows
2000 and below)
-Fixed Start Orb positioning bug
-Fixed Styler to execute Styler.exe only when user wants to hide menu bar to
save up memory and some weird issues
-Fixed Styler to run in toolbar mode (prevent error and message popup)
-Fixed Vista (Styler) toolbar option with correction of menubar
-Fixed uninstalling bug with system drive icon
-Fixed uninstalling routines
-Fixed uxtheme.dll patching detection bugs on machine without any service
pack
-Fixed Windows Live Messenger skin uninstallation bug
-Moved extra dialogs in the main dialogs process so user can make all
decisions before transforming
-Removed customized open/save dialog due to bugs in some applications
-Replaced closeapp with pskill (some programs reported closeapp as
virusthough
it isn't)
-Replaced Blaero's Start Orb with ViOrb (Auto positioning and snap over the
start button upon taskbar shifting)
-Updated battery tray icons
-Updated Getting Started and Help and Support FAQ
-Updated LClock x86 to version 1.62b
-Updated Maintenance Center to be Welcome Center
-Updated minor UI graphic resources in themes
-Updated Segoe UI font
-Updated Shutdown/Logoff dialogs
-Updated Start Orb to full circle version
-Updated Thoosje's Vista sidebar to version 2.1
-Updated transformation to use backup system file if it has the same
fileversion during update
-Updated updating function to uninstall previous components before updating
-Updated Vista logon screen (Thanks to SoFtEcH for updating my logon)
|-Added status message (Welcome, Shutdown, etc.)
|-Fixed user account disapperance bug on lower resolution
|-Fixed user account moving around when focused
|-Moved shutdown button to right part
|-Updated password panel resources
|-Updated userpicture's frame border
-Updated Visualtooltip to version 2.1

*Download link for VTP 7*
http://rapidshare.com/files/39462735/Vista_Transformation_Pack_7.rar

*Download link for WinBlinds*

http://rapidshare.com/files/39466784/Winblinds5.50_support.for.vista_withcrack.rar

OR

Vista Transformation Pack 7.0 with Key - The Ethical Hacking

http://rapidshare.com/files/35739370/BricoPack_Vista_Inspirat_Ultimate_2_1.0_full-_5Bp30download.com_5D.zip

Vista Transformation Pack "With Keys" "Free"

Saturday, December 20, 2008

Detecting One's operating System

Now a days we invite the so called victim to a webpage/blog
and with the help of a free web traker servive get all his details
as in browser/operating system and other details
but still v r gonna discuss the traditional ones.
Detecting OS (operating system) is another most important step towards hacking into a system. We can even say that after tracing the IP of the system it is the most prior thing that should be done to get the root on a system cause without having knowledge about the OS running by the target system you cannot execute any system commands on the target system and thus your mission wont be accomplished. In here I have figure out the basics of detecting OS remotely without having physical access to the system. There are various method of detecting OS like by trace routing the victim’s IP , by pinging the IP , by using telnet and also by using a terminal. But from my research I have concluded that detecting OS through ping or tracerout is the most simplest but effective way of determining the operating system running in the remote computer without having physical access to the system. Since my aim of writing articles is to make things clear for beginners and intermediate so I will explain remote os detecting through ping method which is very easy to understand even for peoples totally new to computers.. yeah yeah.. I know you call them newbies..right ?? J J J

REMOTE OS DETECTION USING PING METHOD

What is PING and what is its utility ?

Ping is an MSDOS utility provided for windows version of DOS and for Unix and operating systems having UNIX as the core kernel. It runs in dos box in windows and directly in UNIX platform. In this manual I will give more stress on the MSDOS version of ping.

Ping is an utility used for sending and receiving packets of data to a target system using its IP and thus from the outputs you can figure out many information about the target system.
In remote os detection we are mainly concerned with the TTL values of the received data packets.

Note: When you send or receive a file over the internet it is not send at once. Instead it is broken down at the source system and these broken fragments of data know as data packets are send through the internet and these data packets are gathered together by the target system according to an algorithm constructed by the source system.
For example if I send a picture of size 400 KB to my girl friend (hey girls out there remember I don’t yet have a gf in reality) then what actually happens is that my system breaks the data into data packets, say the file of 400 KB has been broken down into 4 data packets each having a size of 100 KB and having a name. These data packets are assigned a code known as the TTL value of the data packets by my operating system. Then these data packets are gathered and the original file is formed from these data packets at the target system.

Example:

C:\windows>ping/?

Usage: ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS]

[-r count] [-s count] [[-j host-list] | [-k host-list]]

[-w timeout] target_name

Options:
-t Ping the specified host until stopped.
To see statistics and continue - type Control-Break;
-a Resolve addresses to hostnames.
-n count Number of echo requests to send.
-l size Send buffer size.
-f Set Don't Fragment flag in packet.
-i TTL Time To Live.
-v TOS Type Of Service.
-r count Record route for count hops.
-s count Timestamp for count hops.
-j host-list Loose source route along host-list.
-k host-list Strict source route along host-list.
-w timeout Timeout in milliseconds to wait for each reply.

there are various switches available for ping. Above I have given a list of all the switches available in the DOS version of ping. Using the –t switch you can continuously ping a target until it is crashed down. I am sure you are probably wondering how will it crash down the remote system. The answer is quite simple. If you ping the remote system continuously then what happens is that slowly the RAM of the target system is overloaded with these stack data and compels the system to restart or crashes it. You can also use the –l switch to specify the amount of data packet to be send at a time.

But in this article I am not concerned with crashing down a remote system cause its not that easy as it seems to be, there are many other tricks for it and its not possible to crash down a system of present technology just by simple ping. I am concerned with the TTL values of the output that you will get after pinging a system. You can use –n switch with ping to specify the number of echo (ie data packets) to be send to the target system. The default number is 4.

Example:

C:\windows> ping –n 10 127.0.0.1

This command will ping 127.0.0.1 with 10 packets of data and after that will give you an output.

Now I think its time for a real example which I have executed on my system.

C:\windows>ping 127.0.0.1

Pinging 127.0.0.1 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 127.0.0.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
(or check http://members.cox.net/~ndav1/self_published/TTL_values.html)

Ping statistics for 127.0.0.1:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:

Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms

Here I have pinged the IP 127.0.0.1 (offline ip of any system) with default ping. Here I am getting TTL value as 128. This is the thing what we need for remote os detection.

What is TTL value ?

TTL value is nothing but a simple code assigned to the out going data packets by the operating system of a computer. The TTL value assigned to the out going data packets depends on the operating system and it is the same for a particular operating system. As for example if you ping a system running windows 98 or earlier versions of windows NT with service packs (I don’t know exactly about the TTL values of recent versions of Windows NT but from my research I think it’s the same as previous versions cause the TTL value even in Windows XP is 128) you will get the TTL value as 128, thus from this TTL value you can easily say that the target system is running Microsoft Windows.

TTL values of commonly used Operating Systems

OS VERSION PLATFORM TTL

Windows 9x/NT Intel 32
Windows 9x/NT Intel 128
Windows 2000 Intel 128
DigitalUnix 4.0 Alpha 60
Unisys x Mainframe 64
Linux 2.2.x Intel 64
FTX(UNIX) 3.3 STRATUS 64
SCO R5 Compaq 64
Netware 4.11 Intel 128
AIX 4.3.x IBM/RS6000 60
AIX 4.2.x IBM/RS6000 60
Cisco 11.2 7507 60
Cisco 12.0 2514 255
IRIX 6.x SGI 60
FreeBSD 3.x Intel 64
OpenBSD 2.x Intel 64
Solaris 8 Intel/Sparc 64
Solaris 2.x Intel/Sparc 255

Well these are not all. There are many more TTL values of many other operating systems. But generally most systems lies within this list.

Now lets try this manual practically and find out the operating system running by the IP 202.178.64.19.

C:\windows>ping 202.178.64.19

Pinging 202.178.64.19 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 202.178.64.19: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 202.178.64.19: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 202.178.64.19: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128
Reply from 202.178.64.19: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128

Ping statistics for 202.178.64.19:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms

Well from the output you can figure out many informations. First 4 packets of data each of 32 bytes has been send to 202.178.64.19. In response the target system has responded with data packets of TTL value as 128.
Now we can easily say that the system 202.178.64.19 is running windows.

ERROR CORRECTION IN SOME CASES

There is a possibility of error in TTL values that you receive. Even though the source system send a TTL value of 128 you may receive the TTL value as 120. Well nothing to worry cause its due to the fact that routers reduce the TTL value by 1.
Don’t worry I’ll explain and made things much clearer for you.

It’s a fact that some times routers may reduce the TTL value assigned to the data packets by the source OS by 1.
In that case you have to find out how many routers are there in between your system and the target system and then simply add the number of routers to the received TTL values and you will get the original TTL value.

To find out how many routers there are in between your system and the target system just perform a normal and simple tracert to that IP.
For more information about tracing an IP read my article ‘TRACING IP” in
After tracing the IP using tracert tool of dos suppose you find that there are 10 routers between you and the target system then just simply add 10 to the TTL value that you have received and you will get the original TTL value.

And once you get the original TTL value then its as simple as changing girl friend to find out the operating system running by the remote computer. Just match the TTL value with the above chart and you will find out the operating system info.

Linux Tips And Tricks

Tuesday, July 14, 2009

How To Create A Startup menu With Only One OS

How To Create A Startup menu With Only One OS

Wednesday, February 4, 2009

Install Windows 7 With USB

Install Windows 7 With USB

Monday, December 22, 2008

Vista Transformation Pack "With Keys" "Free"

Vista Transformation Pack "With Keys" "Free"

Saturday, December 20, 2008

Detecting One's operating System

Detecting One's operating System

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